
What do we know about the benefits of ketamine?
A prescription version of ketamine called esketamine (Spravato), given through a nasal spray, was approved in 2019 by the FDA for hard-to-treat depression. However, guidelines required its use “under the supervision of a health care provider in a certified doctor’s office or clinic.” That means medical professionals need to watch you use it, and then follow you after you’ve taken your dose, checking your vital signs and how you are doing clinically.
The effectiveness of ketamine nasal spray for TRD was first demonstrated for short-term treatment in research that showed meaningful decreases in depression scores for the group given ketamine over the group that received a placebo. (It’s worth noting that participants in both groups continued taking their regular antidepressants due to concerns around not treating TRD in the placebo group.)
A longer-term study found that nasal ketamine (plus their regular antidepressant) helped people stay in stable remission 16 weeks into treatment.
Relief from TRD with ketamine happens rapidly: instead of waiting for an antidepressant medicine to hopefully provide some relief over the course of weeks, people who are suffering under the crushing weight of depression can start to feel the benefits of ketamine within about 40 minutes.
Is ketamine the right treatment for you?
First, it’s important to remember that ketamine isn’t a first-option treatment for depression. It’s generally used only when other, more longstanding treatments haven’t been effective. Ketamine doesn’t offer a cure; rather, it improves symptoms of depression for a certain amount of time.
Talk to your primary care doctor, your mental health provider, and any other health care professionals who care for you to help make a decision. Based on your goals, your experiences with depression, and the possible side effects of the drug, it’s often easier to say who isn’t appropriate for ketamine treatment.
Should you go to a ketamine clinic for treatment?
Typically, these clinics are for-profit enterprises. They are staffed by some combination of either a psychiatrist or an anesthesiologist (who can administer the infusion), a nurse, a social worker, and (of course) the businesspeople who make it all work.
The clinics operate on a fee-for-service arrangement, so you would pay out of pocket, as insurance rarely covers this treatment. In the Boston area where I live, the ketamine infusions cost about $600 each, and a course of six infusions and a clinical re-evaluation are typically recommended. (I should note that the ketamine clinics affiliated with medical academic institutions seem to have more safeguards in place, and they may also be enrolling people in clinical trials.)
Are ketamine clinics safe?
What should you look for in a reputable and safe ketamine clinic? We don’t yet have definitive answers to that question. A ketamine infusion can cause a profound dissociation from reality. One wonders if ketamine would be better controlled in a hospital setting, where there are protocols for safety in case anything goes wrong.
A new wrinkle is mail-order ketamine clinics, offer compounded ketamine products, including formulations that dissolve in your mouth. With varying amounts of medical information collected and clinical input, these clinics will mail out these products. In 2023, the FDA warned patients and healthcare providers about potential risks of using compounded ketamine products to treat depression or other psychiatric disorders.
What are the side effects?
people with a history of psychosis or schizophrenia, as there is concern that the dissociation ketamine produces can make psychotic disorders worse
people with a history of substance use disorder, because ketamine can cause euphoria (likely by triggering the opioid receptors) and some people can become addicted to it (which is called ketamine use disorder)
teenagers, as there are some concerns about the long-term effects of ketamine on the still-developing adolescent brain
people who are pregnant or breastfeeding
older adults who have symptoms of dementia.
More detailed research needs to be done on the longer-term benefits and side effects of ketamine treatment, and on its safety and effectiveness for teens and older adults, as well as for the emerging indications of ketamine therapy for PTSD, OCD, alcohol use disorder, and other mental health conditions.
Ketamine could provide hope for people with serious depression
As we learn more from research on ketamine and from people’s experiences in newer clinics, we will be better able to answer the questions of ketamine’s longer-term effectiveness and what safeguards are needed for treatment. We may also learn who is most likely to safely benefit from ketamine therapies, and the best method of administration: intravenous infusion, a nasal spray, or a pill.